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drinking water disinfection

We are now in the end of winter, and in many places the farmers to go in whether it might not be something to their method can provide the pigeons to change or improve. And even if it means "never change a running system" this is an important measure because the conditions could have clearly changed in recent years, and one is in danger to get behind, if not on the state remains. Ultimately, most ideas are rejected, and a successful and responsible breeder will also introduce changes cautiously into a proven system.

However, in recent years, particularly in the young animal husbandry needs arise, the changes of the status quo was necessary. The young animal disease and the ever-increasing resistance of some pathogens, particularly trichomoniasis, sets new external constraints.

And so was the need for ways to prevent such problems, very large. One area that has been focussed in the heart of efforts, the treatment to prevent the drinking water with the aim of a transfer of Trichomonas and other pathogens or curb. The additions are thus used for disinfection of drinking water.

be first must be noted again that drinking water is from the public supply system hygienically, so there is no need for additional disinfection, as long as it "eats" is fresh. Precisely at this limitation, however, a problem becomes clear. Because the water should the pigeons in the potions constantly and freely available. And this is a compelling need for accounting is that required by animal protection issues to. During the

Time remaining in drinking water on the beat, it can be by dipping the beaks drinking pigeons infected with germs quickly. Similarly, the registered wind vortex and wing beats dust a persistent source of germs. This bacterial load is therefore dependent on the duration of their stay on the beat of a drinker, not to forget the number of pigeons found there and to select the most important aspect of the impact of general hygiene. Moreover, it is of course crucial to always fill only a hygienic drinking again. So clean beautiful! Thus, the breeder has

a large amount of options, the spread of germs in drinking water without limiting the addition of a disinfectant. Nevertheless, even in periods of very hot weather and whenever any additives are added to the drinking water (from vitamins to amino acid supplements to any juices) are germs spread from ideal conditions. Also shows that the drinking water represents an important transfer medium during an acute disease process, even if we can exercise the best possible cleanliness.

And so, today's range of ways to disinfect drinking water generally welcomed. In this way prevent is always better than in any regular cycles Drugs to give to suspicion.


Three different strategies
general, one can distinguish between three different strategies for drinking water disinfection:
a) products containing active substances that act deadening to some germs
b) means that the drinking water in a pH- value of 4-5 acidify
c) the means to eliminate the basis of an oxidizing agent germs

The funds use a strategy to a) contain mostly substances that interfere with the metabolism of bacteria. Thus, their effect is usually limited to a small group of germs and may in the long term by development of resistance of the germs may be bypassed. In addition, effects on spores and viruses do not usually very limited or absent.

acidification of drinking water
as specified under b) strategy is used by pigeon breeders for centuries. Previously citric acid and vinegar were used, today some manufacturers offer products that use this principle. All these funds have in common is that by shifting the pH in the drinking, the living conditions of many harmful bacteria (such as salmonella and especially trichomoniasis) are deteriorated.

multiply result, these bacteria no longer drinking, and die or ex. The calf is so for this bacterial group as a transmission path. Nevertheless, there is the bacteria survive the slightly acidic Milleu, or even feel comfortable there. In particular, viruses and fungal spores, such a drinking water affect them. This need not necessarily speak against the use of acidifying, because pigeons are very robust to fungal infections and viral infections in relation to risk of trichomoniasis and salmonella infections much less frequently. Some virus infections even belong to the desired process of formation of immunity, since these organisms are ubiquitous.

Moreover, funds that the Trinkwasseransäuerung serve the advantage that you can mix with amino acid supplements, vitamins and many other additives without problems and loss of function. "

over the idea that the pigeons now "acid", so we need to take something caustic to you, you can of course be concerned. But as long as the pH is around 5 (pH test strips from the pharmacy to give necessary information) alone neutralizes even the crop content of the weak acid and it caused no damage (the acid strength is also lower than that of many fruits / fruit juices and about the range of pickles!). In addition, the digested food is so later in other digestive tract of birds already in the stomach acidified by the much stronger acid.

An overdose of these funds is to be avoided but always, when a pH of 4-5 is reached, the desired effect. Stronger acidification (lower pH) can actually irritate the mucous membrane and crop primarily lead to significantly reduced water intake by the pigeons.

Although the acidifying substances are fundamental in the commercially available products vary considerably (from acetic acid to formic acid, propionic acid to propionic acid with lignin), the main effect is on all these resources from the shift of the pH , and therefore they are in effect almost immediately.

Compared with lemon juice or fruit vinegar, some commercial products have the advantage that the drinker is not as strong mucilaginous (growth of acid-loving bacteria and mold possible). Thus, the cleaning of the watering is a bit easier.
A special agent on the market is also an additional effect of lignosulfonate on the strategy a). The question is whether this justifies the considerable extra cost (factor of 5 to 10!) Each breeder to answer for themselves.

I personally put a cheap Ansäuerungsprodukt during rearing and in the winter when I use a watering heater trichomonads to curb. Fruit vinegar would do well also, but I lost in the huts while soaking in the long run too much. As I said all a question of the breeder's feelings.



oxidant in drinking water
with oxidation is meant a chemical process in which a molecule emits an electron. This reaction has important effects on the molecules involved. The oxidizing agent (ie the one that triggers the other molecule, the oxidation) is "neutralized" or "used up". The oxidized molecule is changed so it no longer fulfill its original task can.

place precisely for this reason Oxidant disinfectant is very effective because they destroy important proteins, amino acids, etc. to be controlled in bacteria. And they die by it. A development of resistance to this "violence" does not exist. On the other hand, it quickly becomes clear that this chemically reasonable mechanism makes no distinction between friend and foe.

And then a disinfectant of this kind not only destroy the cells of a bacterium, but also cells of the deaf. But as oxidant found in nature and (in particular the peroxide), the body cells with defense mechanisms and repair mechanisms are equipped to ward off a weak "attack" of an oxidizing agent can.

Nevertheless, the strategy to use to disinfect drinking water, an oxidizing agent, must always be oriented so that the amount of oxidizing agent to kill germs in the drinking enough, but is used within the crop, the oxidizing agent very quickly.
It is conceivable that freshly ingested food ingested along with fresh water a little "Oberflächendesinfiziert", and this in particular in the course of the disease, the young pigeon proofing and vomiting of the crop content dampen a little.
But a larger excess of oxidant stress on the body of the pigeons would be excessive to mucous membrane irritation, and even Tumors can lead (for permanent large overdose). Not without reason, for example, human drinking water oxidizers such as chlorine are added for disinfection, but its concentration monitored through regular inspections, and limited by government regulations.

, particularly if a virus-induced Kränkheit as the youngsters to fend off disease, it can be a drinking water disinfection by means of oxidizing agents beneficial to the Ansäuerungsstrategie as just and viruses are killed.


Different oxidant
come, as two different oxidizing agents usually used
1) iodine
2) Hydrogen peroxide
3) chlorine / hypochlorite


iodine for disinfection
iodine as an additive to drinking water has in the pigeon keeping a long tradition. First, iodine is an element that is present in the thyroid hormone. It is in the metabolism of essential importance. Is expected in by an additional Iodzufuhr the release of this hormone increase and thereby increasing the metabolism. Iodine is also a good oxidant. And it also acts as a disinfectant. But only if it is not combined with organic substances such as garlic juice, beetroot juice, etc. occurs in a mixture.
For then, the oxidation effect of elemental iodine already in contact been used with organic substances. It then remains iodine back in the form of bound iodine or iodide, which then acts only as a dietary supplement of natural iodine requirements and has no other disinfectant.


hydrogen peroxide to disinfect
Hydrogen peroxide is a very strong oxidizing agent with an equally strong disinfectant effect. It also occurs in metabolic processes in the body cells, and therefore the body has several defense mechanisms (so-called peroxidase enzymes) break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and therefore safe to make. For this reason, it also provides for the Tränkwasserdesinfektion to, because it kills off all the germs in the drinking. In the crop of the pigeon but even small surpluses can be "neutralized" light, and therefore do not address "Kolateralschaden" at. But of course, also applies to the hydrogen peroxide, that an excessive concentration of pigeon harm.

The fact that hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, "reacted" is an advantage compared to the chlorine-based oxidants, which may arise as a by-product of the disinfection reaction even small traces of toxic chloroform. Overall, they differ in their effect on the seeds but not formally.

Another advantage of hydrogen is that to obtain relatively inexpensive products for racing pigeons, one of which usually have only a few drops are dispensed. These products are therefore very efficient. Hydrogen peroxide preparations may like iodine (used if this is the disinfectant) should not be mixed with organic drinking water additives. Thus, in a simultaneous use of amino acid, vegetable or vitamin supplements is absolutely no sense.

The hydrogen peroxide is used up very quickly and can have no effect in the drinking develop more, and some vitamins and amino acids are decomposed. I assume that person during the "hot phase" of the youngsters also a disease on hydrogen peroxide-based drinking water disinfection agents.


chlorine / hypochlorous acid / hypochlorite
The drinking water disinfection using chlorine is probably the most common in Germany. It is performed in the majority of local authorities to keep the drinking water for human consumption germs. About the effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant is therefore also no doubt. Since chlorine but still has the disadvantage that it can combine with organic substances, toxic chloroform (see also notes the Federal Environment Agency for water purification, page 26), this is very strict on the concentration of chlorine and organic impurities respected in the water.

Pure chlorine is probably no breeder ever used as drinking water disinfection. However, there are compounds that react similarly to chlorine in water and disinfected in a very similar way. This includes hypochlorous acid (also called before hyperchloric acid) and the hypochlorite (the salt of hypochlorous acid).

hypochlorous acid can be produced by passing chlorine gas into water from withdrawal of chloride ions. Today, however, the production as part of a chlor-alkali electrolysis of the common way. A saline solution is placed under direct current. At the cathode is deposited sodium, which further reacts directly to sodium hydroxide.

At the anode chlorine is deposited, but which continues to react directly under these conditions (presence of atomic oxygen) to hypochlorous acid. Can the created at the cathode and anode materials mixed together, they form a sodium hypochlorite solution.

sodium hypochlorite solution is a well-known disinfectant and is still used widely. In pigeon racing, it was known formerly also known as "bleach" (sometimes it was Kaliumhypochloritlösung, but this makes no difference). It was used by many breeders to blow disinfection and also translated some breeders even then very small amounts of it to the drinking water to.

with bleach, if it was used in large quantities in the shock disinfection, but there have been accidents before. Because when added to sodium hypochlorite acid occurs, the first forms hypochlorous acid, which can also rapidly decompose into chlorine gas and OH-ions. And the resulting chlorine gas is not toxic nunmal for the respiratory system.

Nevertheless, sodium hypochlorite solution is in principle suitable for drinking water disinfection, and even for drinking water for human consumption approved if it is added in such small quantities that no more than 0.3 mg / L chlorine can come of it. However, its addition often leads to precipitation of lime as pure sodium hypochlorite solution is strongly alkaline.

What is being written hypochlorite or its associated acid hypochlorous acid to an unstable chemical compound. In alkaline (pH in the range 9-14), it is quite stable and very long shelf life. In neutral (pH around 7), however, breaks down the substance, if, for example, is exposed to light. It usually forms chlorate and hydrochloric acid, which lowers the pH even further. In this way, and within the acidic (pH below 5), the hypochlorous acid is still very much less stable and decays relatively quickly and completely to chlorine gas and OH-.

Say a very long-keeping aqueous solution hypochlorous acid which only contains does not exist. Long-keeping solutions are not angry anymore (normally at least slightly alkaline), and include the fact (also) the hypochlorite instead of hypochlorous acid, or they may contain stabilizing additives. In the neutral pH range, possibly for weeks or months possible durable solutions. If it is prevented in the chlor-alkali electrolysis, for example, mixing the resulting sodium hydroxide solution with the resulting hypochlorous acid by a suitable diaphragm, such solutions are obtained, which also produce no Kalkauscheidungen.

Whatever the case: whether hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid, they both act in the form a chlorinating agent (as well as chlorine in drinking water treatment) and therefore very good disinfectant. This means, however, apply it to these substances, the same conditions as for chlorine:

is added to a larger excess of hypochlorite in drinking water, this takes the mucous membranes and body cells at the pigeons, like other oxidants as well. If one moves in the concentration range of drinking water approved, then there is no such danger! So always keep to the dosage of the manufacturer, and do not think more is better!

If hypochlorite / hypochlorous acid together with organic substances (eg amino acid supplements) the disinfectant is used up very quickly and can no longer exercise its disinfecting effect. Easy to oxidizing substances such as vitamins are in the amount present in the hypochlorite destroyed. In the reaction with many organic substances produced even in small traces Chlororform (safe in these concentrations, however).

A common use of hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid to disinfect drinking water and other drinking water additives (other than pure inorganic electrolyte salts) should therefore be avoided. One does not achieve disinfection and destroyed more maybe even some vitamins and amino acids. This can save you money also.
Any information on this otherwise a manufacturer's definitely WRONG!


Werbeschmarren
It is precisely in the area of pigeon products from time to time very courageous statements by manufacturers and distributors. Pigeon breeders are used to, and should therefore be able to classify many of the statements. Especially in connection with drinking water disinfectants based on chlorine Hyper acid, however, a few absolute highlights are formulated, to which I would like to briefly comment on:

A product is advertised with the terms "organic" and "force of nature". Also, this talk of a special "activity" of the water, and this with the term "skills" linked. I seldom met such a cheeky label dizziness as here. The target clientele seems to suggest most of the manufacturers in the field of esoteric fans. What would you say this but if you were to tell you the truth:

used in the manufacture of chlorine-alkali electrolysis and the resulting products are in fact the epitome of Chemistry par excellence! For example, are produced by chlorination environmental pollutants (including chloroform) is one of the substances with which man is the greatest environmental damage have angerichet on this planet. Anyone who argues that is as elemental chlorine and hypochlorite from nature, because it is indeed derived from salt and again can decay to salt that makes any substance belonging to this planet, to nature ( zBauch dioxin and nuclear bombs). This can be done naturally. But in my view, the company uses different composition sent terms to simulate potential buyers aware of a healthy Ökotouch.

And the term "organic" or even add borders to lie! "Organic" is derived from the word of life. Chlorine chemistry and oxidant to Desinifektion are the absolute opposite of "life" and thus also of "organic"!


Another manufacturer describes that his funds still significant amounts similar to electric charges included a thunderstorm would. And this would ensure that bacteria were killed quickly. If it were so that the product had actually taken an excess of electrical charge from the Andode, you would run out of very strong attractive force that charged by the particles in the form of static feel to the package outside (similar to a statically charged comb). Since the electric charges corresponding to interaction produces a very strong force, the effect would even be significant.

Such descriptions are thus in the realm of fairy tales. The product is definitely electrically neutral and contains no such significant Charge excess! If not, I suggest the manufacturer to produce the world's first electric mono-pole, even so, in aqueous solution, for the next Nobel Prize in Physics.


disinfectant containing hypochlorite are highly effective! So why not have such specialized durable formulations are spread? I can not see the need for this. And also discredit in my view, the provider itself hereby


pricing
As initially written before, I'm sure, quote at least on the use of means to disinfect drinking water at certain times of the year think again. I am therefore explicitly that there are such products.

Even some manufacturers of these additional products are of the opinion, do with their product to the pigeon racing into something very good. So far so good. But when I offered dieVerkaufspreise individual products so look at it, and I see the underlying actual production costs, I can see very well as a chemist, I'm surprised.

is clear: marketing, distribution, packaging and sometimes development and regulatory costs money. And often much more than outsiders may think so. Must be applied for biocides in each country, authorization, and costs a lot of money. A Registration number on the product, for example, then evidence of this effort. It is also clear that I see no reason why, for example, a liter Knoblauchmixtur partly to be five times cheaper than some drinking water additives, with ingredients that cost only a small fraction of those in the Knoblauchmixtur. Or even if a biocide mixture is not as marked as such. If the manufacturer has obtained here may be unable to license? Then certainly remain open to some questions and not only the high to the selling price.

Each manufacturer will be rewarded for a good product with the corresponding profit. But there is no obligation to buy for the customer.

Tdsb Teachers Rate Tor

industry standards for continuous casting alloys

Who die-cast parts purchases internationally knows the problem: similar alloys by no means identical alloy components and properties in the various national industry standards.

industry standards for the free movement of the markets of enormous importance for global sourcing of castings. Among the most important national standards for alloys that have been internationally developed, are the corresponding German, American, Japanese, Chinese and Russian industry standard.

The following table shows common die-cast alloys with the maximum share of the alloy elements arranged on the alloy groups. For each alloy, see the appropriate national standard.

			proportion of alloying elements W B /%					industry standard
alloy gruppe	Land	Legierung	Si	Cu	Mg	He	Al
AI-Si	China	YL102	10.0 to 13.0	<0.6	<0.05	<1.2	Rest	GB/T15115-94
	Japan	ADC1	11.0-13.0	<1.0	<0.30	<1.2		JISH5302-82
	Russland	AJ12	10.0-13.0	<0.6	<0.10	<1.5		TOCT2685-82
	USA	413	11.0-13.0	<1.0	<0.35	<2.0		ASTMB85-82
	Germany	AlSil2	11.0 to 13.5	<0.10	<0.05	<1.0		DIN 1725
AI-Si Mg	China	YL104	8.0 to 10.5	<0.30	0.17-0.30	<1.0	Rest	GB/T15115-94
	Japan	ADC3	9.0-10.0	<0.60	0.40-0.60	<1.3		JISH5302-82
	U.S.	360	9.0-10.0	<0.60	0.40-0.60	<2.0		ASTMB85-82
	Russia	AJl4	8.0-10.5	<0.10	0:17 to 0:30	<1.0		TOCT2685-82
	Germany	AlSil0Mg	9.0 to 11.0	<0.10	0:20 to 0:50	<1.0		DIN 1725
AI-Si-Cu	China	YL112	7.5-9.5	3.0-4.0	<0.30	<1.2	Rest	GB/T15115-94
	China	YL113	9.6-12.0	1.5-3.5	<0.30	<1.2		D1
	Japan	ADC10	7.5-9.5	2.0-4.0	<0.30	<1.3		JISH5302-82
	Japan	ADC12	9.6-12.0	1.5-3.5	<0.30	<1.3		JISH5302-82
	U.S.	380	7.5-9.5	3.0-4.0	<0.10	<1.3		ASTMB85-82
	U.S.	383	9.5-11.5	2.0-3.0	<0.10	<1.3		AK2
	Russland	AJl6	4.5-6.0	2.0-3.0	<0.10	<1.5		TOCT2685-82
	Germany	AlSi8Cu3	7.5-9.5	2.0-3.5	<0.30	<1.3		DIN 1725
AI-Mg	China	YL302	0.80-1.30	<0.10	4.5-5.5	<1.2	Rest	GB/T15115-94
	Japan	ADC5	<0.30	<0.20	4.0-8.5	<1.8		JISH5302-82
	U.S.	518	<0.35	<0.25	7.5-8.5	<1.8		ASTMB85-82
	Germany	AlMg9	<0.50	<0.05	7.0-10.0	<1.0		DIN 1725

information may be subject


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